Shareholders do not typically actively manage a corporation shareholders instead elect or appoint a board of directors to control the corporation in a fiduciary capacity. Registered corporations have legal personality recognized by local authorities and their shares are owned by shareholders whose liability is generally limited to their investment. To simplify the explanation, whenever "stockholder" or "shareholder" is used in the rest of this article to refer to a stock corporation, it is presumed to mean the same as "member" for a non-profit corporation or for a profit, non-stock corporation. A for-profit corporation is almost always a stock corporation, but some for-profit corporations may choose to be non-stock. There is some overlap between stock/non-stock and for-profit/ not-for-profit in that not-for-profit corporations are always non-stock as well. Corporations chartered in regions where they are distinguished by whether they are allowed to be for-profit are referred to as for-profit and not-for-profit corporations, respectively.
those who are considered the owners of a non-stock corporation are persons (or other entities) who have obtained membership in the corporation and are referred to as a member of the corporation. Corporations not allowed to issue stock are referred to as non-stock corporations i.e. Where local law distinguishes corporations by their ability to issue stock, corporations allowed to do so are referred to as stock corporations one type of investment in the corporation is through stock, and owners of stock are referred to as stockholders or shareholders. There is significant evidence that limited liability in tort may lead to excessive corporate risk taking and more harm by corporations to third parties. However, limited liability in tort remains controversial because third parties do not agree to waive the right to pursue shareholders. Limited liability in contract is uncontroversial because the parties to the contract could have agreed to it and could agree to waive it by contract. Limited liability means that a passive shareholder in a corporation will not be personally liable either for contractually agreed obligations of the corporation, or for torts (involuntary harms) committed by the corporation against a third party. One of the most attractive early advantages business corporations offered to their investors, compared to earlier business entities like sole proprietorships and joint partnerships, was limited liability. Depending on the number of owners, a corporation can be classified as aggregate (the subject of this article) or sole (a legal entity consisting of a single incorporated office occupied by a single natural person). Corporations come in many different types but are usually divided by the law of the jurisdiction where they are chartered based on two aspects: by whether they can issue stock, or by whether they are formed to make a profit.
Most jurisdictions now allow the creation of new corporations through registration. by an ad hoc act granted by a monarch or passed by a parliament or legislature). : 10 Early incorporated entities were established by charter (i.e. Société à responsabilité limitée (SARL)Ī corporation is an organization-usually a group of people or a company-authorized by the state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law "born out of statute" a legal person in legal context) and recognized as such in law for certain purposes.Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH).Limited liability limited partnership (LLLP).
Scottish charitable incorporated organisation (SCIO).Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales) (CIO).
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